Because of the extensive distribution of schistosomes and morbidity due to egg deposition, researchers have been interested in the influences of schistosome infections on concomitant diseases. This worm usually causes bloody urine but is also considered to have an etiological relationship with bladder cancer. In contrast, Schistosoma haematobium mainly harbors in the venous plexus of the bladder and/or rectal venous plexus. The deposition of numerous eggs in the intestines and liver results in intestinal and hepatic granulomatous lesions, fibrosis, portal hypertension, and hepatosplenomegaly. ![]() Schistosoma mansoni, japonicum, and mekongi harbor in veins of the portal system and lay eggs in the blood vessels. Schistosoma spp., blood flukes, are parasitic helminths found mainly in developing countries with a tropical or subtropical climate and affect 200 million people worldwide. The importance of controlling schistosomiasis is also discussed. ![]() In this paper, we summarize the beneficial and harmful effects of schistosomes. Because of its chronicity and robust immunomodulatory activity, the effects of schistosomes on other diseases, such as allergies, autoimmunity, and infectious diseases, have been studied extensively in both epidemiological and experimental settings. Schistosomiasis is an important tropical disease affecting approximately 200 million people worldwide.
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